Organization Learning Concept

Association learning can be characterized as sorted out securing of understanding through controlled and oversaw preliminary of new procedures and keen utilization of the outcomes to accomplish the required objectives.Advertising We will compose a custom evaluation test on Organization Learning Concept explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is on the grounds that the more powerful an association is the higher the odds of keeping up its ability in current unstable market. This paper talks about the significance of figuring out how to an association, the vital necessities and instances of associations which have utilized this idea to keep up their brands in the current serious market. Significance of figuring out how to an association The work of this procedure will empower an organization or the business domains understand its crucial vision articulations. This is on the grounds that association learning engages each individual from the association towards a share d objective. By either making and attempting new approaches and techniques or learning and emphatically reacting to current difficulties the associations can detail crucial vision explanations and fuse everybody to accomplish them. Learning association makes new difficulties to the administration and all the workers. The representatives feel a vital part of the association. This causes them to accept to be a piece of the arrangement and not the issue. The move from the custom commercial dependent on scattering data is being supplanted by intuitive ad as found in social site ad and workers are confronted with new current difficulties. Learning and acting to these difficulties turns into the fantasy of each representative. Because of the instability of the current denoted the main path for associations to remain above water is to grasp association learning. They set aside some effort to learn and execute better strategies for getting things done because of the ceaseless change in the general public. Vehicle fabricating organizations, for example, Toyota gain from changes in worldwide approaches on emanations and eco-friendliness to imagine increasingly productive automobiles.Advertising Looking for appraisal on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Necessary prerequisites A brilliant correspondence framework is fundamental in association learning. A decent correspondence structure is fundamental in scattering data and information all through the entire association from senior administration to different degrees of the executives, starting with one division then onto the next and furthermore shapes one individual to another. This is particularly significant in enormous associations that have various branches in various zones. Work of specialized instruments, for example, web conferencing, texting, PDAs and others upgrade going of data and information inside the association (Eijkman, n. d; Janakiraman, 2008). For a viable learning association the sort of the work power matters a great deal. Inquisitive and shrewd individuals who have a natural contemplating work based issues are a bit of leeway as proposed by Serrat: Intellectually inquisitive about their work, who effectively think about their experience, who create experience-based hypotheses of progress and consistently test these by and by with associates, and who utilize their understanding and activity to add to information advancement. (Serrat, 2009, p. 1) Knowledge is one of the most significant prerequisites for viable learning association. Learning and information can't be isolated. This is recommended by Serrat: Knowledge is a basic resource in each learning association. Since learning is both a result of information and its source, a learning association perceives that the two are inseparably connected and oversees them information ought to envelop both the individual and corporate information (Serrat, 2009, p. 1) Technology is an integral part of going of data and information in the association. This is significant in guaranteeing that there is powerful correspondence and the executives of information. The associations must put resources into terms of time, bolster faculty, significant framework, and mastery. These and different necessities are significant in encouraging the getting the hang of process.Advertising We will compose a custom appraisal test on Organization Learning Concept explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Learning association is a significant idea for those associations that need to stay in the market for long. Associations gain from independent or arranged difficulties or the difficulties they face so as to prepare themselves for the difficult future ahead. It is a significant idea that everybody should attempt. References Eijkman. H. (n.d.) The Learning Organization as idea and diary in the neo-millennial period: a request for basic commitment. Web. Janakiraman. S. (2008) The Importance of being a Learning Organization. Web. Serrat O,(2009). Building a LearningOrganization. Web. This evaluation on Organization Learning Concept was composed and put together by client JoantheMouse to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Webquest free essay sample

In the 1 backtalk style and garments fashioners were starting to ascend to the top. Bunches of new creators were beginning to make their own apparel image and offer It to individuals who were keen on their plans. Huge numbers of these architects were French and Italian, one of the Italian creators was Gulch Gucci he was an Italian representative and style originator, another was Coco Channel she was a French style planner and the organizer of the Channel brand. She was the main creator to make free womens Jersey, which were generally utilized for mens underwear.In the 1 920 RA satchels and caps were an Important apparel frill. They were worn generally purchase rich ladies. Short skirts and dresses were additionally made for ladies to wear, which made shoes an Important piece of design, the most well known were the ones that tied the lower legs and the highest point of the foot. We will compose a custom paper test on Webquest or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Gems was an Important frill, it was worn by ladies and for the most part the rich ones. They wore costly jewelry which were made by unadulterated gold and silver, wore studs which were likewise made by unadulterated gold and silver. They additionally utilized adornments in attire, for example, shirts and dresses. It was an entirely in vogue pattern in the sass.The backtalk were the beginning of expressions of the human experience in American culture, Jazz music was a mainstream sort of music, it was extremely famous that they considered it the Jazz Age during backtalk until the extraordinary despondency, Jazz band frequently comprised of 12 artists, and regularly acted in New York city in New York. Broadway was mainstream in the backtalk additionally it pulled in numerous individuals into the auditoriums to watch others perform and make the most of their time tuning in to the melodic shows. The backtalk was the start of design fashioners brands, well known attire styles. And furthermore the Jazz Age made music and expressions a famous delight to numerous individuals in the US.

The Best Parts of Being a Bookish Kid in the 90s

The Best Parts of Being a Bookish Kid in the 90s Saying I was bookish in the 90s is kind books were what I did in elementary and early middle school. I was the kid carting two paperbacks to lunch in case I finished one because honestly, what was I going to do on the damn playground with no reading material? When I was young, my love of books didnt feel special or personally defining, like it does now, so I never really got to celebrate the cool little quirks of the reading culture in the 90s. MY DAY HAS COME! Time to rewind and relive the best bookish things from the decade I came up inremember this stuff?! Book It Hands down the raddest reading incentive program ever. You can talk until youre blue in the face about the drawbacks of rewarding reading, but 10 year old me would do most anything for a personal pan pizza I did not have to share with one of my three sisters.  Yes, I read for my own gratification as an adult, but I can also buy my own cheese-stuffed crust at this point. I can still feel the raised plastic stickers that would fill in the spots on the giant pin. I didnt always have the best school experiences but Book It made fifth grade bearable. Great Illustrated Classics These adaptations are probably the only reason I can hold my own in a conversation about Literature. I know its why I got a 98% on my tenth grade English Honors essay about the meaning of love in Great Expectations. While never successful with what is considered required reading, I loved these simplified versions of some of the greater works of our time. I had Heidi, Oliver Twist, Little Women, Great Expectations, and Journey to the Center of the Earth, to name a few. When I recently found a bunch in my librarys book sale, I scooped them up without a second thought. Come back to me, Great Illustrated Classics, and be my Cliffs Notes once again. Wishbone I sincerely hope you  are mind-shouting WHATS THE STORY, WISHBONE? at your computer screens right now. Wishbone is a dog (played by a talented terrier named SOCCER) who gets the starring role in adaptations of classic novels with plots that mirror the struggles his boy owner, Joe, is living out in real life. I have found, in rewatches, that it  doesnt quite hold up the way Id like it to, but you could always just blare the theme song, or check out scenes from this round up of favorite episodes. The Series I know book series for kids started well before the 90s (Nancy Drew and Hardy Boys will not be ignored), but I really feel that the super prolific and episodic series with familiar settings and characters defined the way I read in the 90s. Im thinking The Babysitters Club, Sweet Valley High, The Boxcar Children, Goosebumps even Nancy Drew got a peppy update with The  Nancy Drew Files. As an avid rereader and slightly anxious person, I always loved the comfort of knowing all the background before I dug into the latest adventure. And you cannot beat the 90s-tastic covers. Did I capture all your 90s memories? Let me know. Ill be at Pizza Hut. Image credits: Book It, Great Illustrated Classics, Wishbone, Sweet Valley Twins

Tips for Successful Students Essay examples - 1854 Words

Tips for Successful Students Guidelines and Thoughts for Academic Success Adapted and shortened in 2005 by Alison Lake and Carl von Baeyer from a web page by Steve Thien, Kansas State University, which was based on the following articles in The Teaching Professor. Larry M Ludewig, Ten Commandments for Effective Study Skills, Dec 1992. John H. Williams, Clarifying Grade Expectations, Aug/Sep 1993. Paul Solomon and Annette Nellon, Communicating About the Behavioral Dimensions of Grades, Feb 1996. Successful students exhibit a combination of successful attitudes and behaviors as well as intellectual capacity. Successful students . . . 1. . . . are responsible and active. Successful students get involved in their studies,†¦show more content†¦6. . . . take good notes. Successful students take notes that are understandable and organized, and review them often.Why put something into your notes you dont understand? Ask the questions now that are necessary to make your notes meaningful at some later time. A short review of your notes while the material is still fresh on your mind helps your learn more. The more you learn then, the less youll have to learn later and the less time it will take because you wont have to include some deciphering time, also. The whole purpose of taking notes is to use them, and use them often. The more you use them, the more they improve. 7. . . . understand that actions affect learning. Successful students know their personal behavior affect their feelings and emotions which in turn can affect learning.If you act in a certain way that normally produces particular feelings, you will begin to experience those feelings. Act like youre bored, and youll become bored. Act like youre uninterested, and youll become uninterested. So the next time you have trouble concentrating in the classroom, act like an interested person: lean forward, place your feet flat on the floor, maintain eye contact with the professor, nod occasionally, take notes, and ask questions. Not only will you benefit directly from your actions, your classmates and professor may also get more excited and enthusiastic. 8. . . . talk about what theyre learning. Successful students get to know somethingShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Being Successful As A Student868 Words   |  4 Pagesthe key to success.† All students have had the over whelming amount of stress to be successful. Stressing to get the perfect score on a major grade or finding the determination to do a challenging assignment. We wonder if all of our routines and tips used for school work actually guarantee our success as a student. As it may only help somewhat and not give us the result we desire. Our mindset and amount of work provided guarantees our success. Being successful as a student requires determination,Read MoreExamples Of Evaluation Design966 Words   |  4 Pagesfacilitator informed them that it was an open group and that any student could join the group (R. Toseland and R. Rivas, 2008). The facilitator established the ground rules informing the group that the information is confidential and that they can share information discussed in the group among group members only and their parents. The facilitator informed the group that they will respect one another and not interrupt while another student or facilitator is talking. The facilitator informed the groupRead MoreCreating A Data Driven Decision Making School Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesCreating a Data Driven Decision Making School Tips that Work Tameka R. Crook Alabama A M University Author Note EDL 530: Data Driven Decision Making Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Tameka Crook, Department of Educational Leadership, P.O Box 998 Normal, Alabama Contact: tcrook2@bulldogs.aamu.edu Abstract Collecting data has been a decades old practice of educators. The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act prompted front-runners in education toRead MoreTools For Success At Nova Southeastern University Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesTools for success is a series of workshops that provide students a guide for success in their pursuits. The workshops consist of a variety of helpful tips meant to enhance students learning and push students for their success at nova southeastern university. The workshops were held on various Tuesdays at from 12:10 to 12:50 at the knight auditorium at the Carl DeSantis building. The workshops were set up by the office of undergraduate student success, which offers one on one coaching in areas includingRead MoreHelping Other Students On Young Students918 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper is an attempt to assist other students on how to become successful in college. There is a lot of pressure in college and course topics may seem difficult to understand or retain but there is always assistance in your college. The first topic I would like to cover is stress. Here is something to keep in mind if stress occurs. Did you know that stress could make you lose your short term and a long-term memory? Well it can. Therefore, in order to think clearly, to learn while in classRead MoreStudent Financial Planning Essay1018 Words   |  5 PagesFinancial planning for a student is vital to successful completion of a college degree and ongoing success after college. The objective of this assignment is to evaluate four ways someone in my position could save money and budget. By planning finances carefully a student can avoid a pause in learning due to financial trouble and set themselves up for success after college. In the list provided below I will provide four tips I will use to navigate my way around the possible financial peril that presentsRead MoreNrs-430v Discussion Questions Essay1050 Words   |  5 PagesDiscussion Questions 6/24/15: Read Lake and von Baeyers article, â€Å"Tips for Successful Students. Also, review the characteristics of a successful student as explained in the lecture. As you consider these, which is your strongest characteristic? Why? How will this characteristic help you to become a successful student in your program of study? Me: My strongest characteristic related to the article Tips for Successful Students, (Lake and von Baeyer, 2005), include the fact I am a very responsibleRead MoreMark Zuckerberg : The Founder And Ceo1009 Words   |  5 Pagesturn down others. He can build a program anywhere he went. As stated earlier he built the program â€Å"Zucknet† for his dad’s dental office, and while he was in school at Harvard Zuckerberg created a program called â€Å"CourseMatch.† This program helped students decide which courses to choose based on the selection of others (Mark Zuckerberg Biography). Mark soon dropped out of Harvard to devote his time to creating Facebook, and by 2004 it had reached one million users. Facebook According to the articleRead MoreStudents Face A Different Education System983 Words   |  4 PagesWelcome international students! It must be exciting to start your education in the U.S.A. Here students face a different education system which may seem confusing at first due to the rules of avoiding plagiarism. International students often find that the education system that they are used to has different views on plagiarism compared to the U.S education system. As a result of this difference in education systems, new students may unintentionally plagiarise. However, according to U.S universitiesRead MoreGen200 Continuing Academic Success Essay1253 Words   |  6 Pagesbe tough in these economically changing times; however, successful adult students will establish clear educational goals to gain higher responsibility and pay increases in their current positions and to seek positions of higher responsibility. Many adult students typically work full or part time during the week, leaving little extra time after the daily duties of their normal life. With an already busy home and work schedule, the adult student should set clear goals for successfully completing their

Answers to Questions on Communication, including Case Studies - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3080 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Introduction Ratchettes Ltd. has been one of the most prestigious dealership firms of Lifestyle Cars Ltd. ever since it has attained its franchise. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Answers to Questions on Communication, including Case Studies" essay for you Create order It has achieved a good reputation with the Lifestyle Cars Ltd over the years and is one of the prime dealers of their cars. Because of its large-scale dealership, a lot of employees are working in the firm. Being a multi-functional firm, it has been classified into different departments for the efficiency of the work and to attain goals in a positive way. The firm is majorly divided into sales and after-sales. Sales consist of new cars, used cars, and fleet cars. New cars is responsible for the sales of fresh cars that come directly from the manufacturer, used cars are those that sell second to third hand cars, fleet cars are responsible for bulk orders. After-sales consist of parts and servicing. Parts are responsible to maintain the inventory and concerned with the sales of parts of cars and accessories used in the cars, servicing is concerned with the maintenance of the carspost sales. In all, the entire firm has over 5 departments working simultaneously. Constantly talking is not necessarily communicating Joel in eternal sunshine of the spotless mind Answer 1 Key Issue One of the major problems that the company is facing, even after 20 years of its existence, is that the employees of the firm are not coordinating well amongst each other. Coordination among the firm is one of the prime factors that will lead the company to work efficiently and hence attain milestones and set better goals for future. Efficiency may require coordinated actions, but coordinated actions can also lead to competition and make collusions likely  [1]  . At Ratchettes, the employees are paid wages on salary and commission basis. All the employees get minimum fixed salaries, but major source of their income are the commissions that they receive from their individual work, based on the number of customers they attend to.This leads the employees to have a sense of competition amongst each other, which has directly affected the team spirit amongst the members within the department, as well as in between different departments in the firm. Groups and Teams  [2] Groups are the essential feature of an organization. Individuals seldom work in isolation from others. Work is a group based activity and, if the organization is to function effectively, it requires collaboration and cooperation amongst its members. Team occurs when a number of people have a common goal and recognize that their personal success is dependant on the success of others. They are all inter-dependant. Introduction to Equity Theory  [3] There was a time when employers thought employees to be just another input required for production of output, that is, goods and services. This thinking was changed with the research conducted known as Hawthorne Studies, by Elton Mayo from 1924 to 1932. This study showed that employees are not just motivated by the money, but their attitudes as well Adams Equity Theory Model3 This theory shows that employees strive to achieve equity between themselves and their coworkers. This equity can be achieved when the ratio of employee outcomes over inputs is equal to other employee outcomes over inputs. Adams Equity Theory of Motivation3 Like the other more prevalent theories of motivation mentioned above, the Adams Equity Theory of Motivation recognizes the variable factors that can affect employees assessment and perception of their relationship with their work and the employer. This theory was created on the belief that employees are de-motivated in relation to their job and employer if their inputs are greater than the outputs. Employees respond their de-motivation in form of reduced effort, increase dissatisfaction and may even become disruptive. Analysis Considering the above definitions of groups and teams, The Adams Equity Theory of Motivation and, relating it with the case of Ratchettes Ltd. It is understood that the employees in the firm are working with rather less motivation amongst themselves.Their performance is more individualistic than as a team effort. Hence, it is justified if it is said that the employees in the firm are working in Groupsrather than in Teams. Explanation Employees from different departments have complains with the working of the other departments, which according to them is affecting the standards of their work. The blame-game is being played amongst the departments, where each department is blaming the other for its inefficiency. The following quotes can be considered for the justification: Wed be a lot better off if Parts got their act together. (Workshop supervisor) We do the best we can and Service lets us down each time. (Used-car salesman) Apart from inter-department issues, the employees of the same department also have a tiff against each other. This lack of coordination is basically seen in the departments under sales. The employees, in order to get the maximum commission from having more customers, are not aiming to have maximum sales for the firm, but rather for themselves. And in order to get maximum sales on their names, they do not even mind cutting their colleagues client on their day-offs. The following quo tes can be considered for the justification: I try to move the metal so that I get my commission and keep Lifestyle happy and now theyre saying that Im too pushy in this job you have to be, otherwise somebody else gets the deal. (New-car salesman) She was my customer, I talked to her first but Debbie signed her up on my day off I deserve a percentage (Salesman) Conclusion The above quotes clearly signify that the employees are not well coordinated, individualistic and lack motivation. Due to this, the teams are working in Groups, and the management is supposed to take concrete steps to encourage and motivate their employees to work in unity as a team. Theres nothing more demoralizing than a leader who cannot clearly articulate why we are doing what we are doing James Kouzes and Barry Posner Answer 2 Ratchettes Ltd. has been going through a lot of irregularities in their functioning. The following are the problems that the Ratchettes Ltd. are facing from within the management of the firm. Lack of balance between Authority and Responsibility: Authority is the right to give orders and obtain obedience, and responsibility is the corollary of authority. Managers require authority commensurate with their responsibility. There should be a balance between authority and responsibility. If manager has responsibility but not sufficient authority he is not able to perform effectively and efficiently. For example parts manager does not have an authority to keep sufficient inventory level. Lack of Unity of Command: According to management principal given by Henry Fayol there should be one and only one boss for every individual employee. If an employee gets orders from two superiors at the same time the principle of unity of command is violated. The principle of unity of command states that each participant in a formal organization should receive orders from and be responsible to only one superior. If this principle is violated authority is undermined, discipline is in jeopardy, order disturbed and stability threatened. The principle resembles military organization. Dual subordination should be avoided. This is to prevent confusion regarding tasks to be done. For example, car and after-sales manager both get order from their managing director as well as from Lifestyle regional manager. Lack of Unity of Direction: All the units of an organization should be moving towards the same objectives through coordinated and focused efforts. Each group of activities having the same objective must have one head and one plan. This ensures unity of action and coordination. For example there is no common goal between sales department and after-sales service department in Ratchetts Ltd. Lack of Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest: The interests of an organization should take priority over the interests of any one individual employee. Every worker has some individual interest for working in a company. The company has got its own objectives. In all the situations the interests of the group/company will supersede the interest of any one individual. This is so because larger interests of the workers and stakeholders are more important than the interest of any one person. For example, a technician does not want that there should be any change in payment structure till there payment gets double. Lack of application of Harmony, Not Discord scientific principal: Factory system of production implied that managers served as a link between the owners and the workers. Since as managers they had the mandate to get work done from the workers, it should not be difficult for you to appreciate that there always existed the possibility of a kind of class-conflict, the mangers versus workers. Both should realize that each one is important. To achieve this state, Taylor called for complete mental revolution on the part of both management and workers. It means that management and workers should transform their thinking. For example there is not a harmony between workshop and part. Ignorance of quality due to Peace wage system: As the workers are getting payment on the base of number of job performed they ignores the quality in order to complete more number of job and this is observed in survey carried by Lifestyle where they find for Ratchett Ltd., that there is high repeated repairs. Not applicability of Chester Barnards Contributions to organizational theory: Barnard feels organizations are communication systems. He feels it is particularly important for managers to develop a sense of common purpose where a willingness to cooperate is strongly encouraged. He states there are four factors affecting the willingness of employees to accept authority: The employees must understand the communication The employees accept the communication as being with the organizations purposes. The employees feel that they are not in contact with the high level managers In Ratchetts Ltd. A communication gap present which can be observed from the comment given by part manager, technician, new-car salesman, workshop supervisor, used-car salesman and service manager. Lack of Motivation Motivation is need so that employees should complete their work efficiently and effectively. Motivation can be positive as well negative. Factors having a negative motivation impact on the research subjects are the working conditions, salary, job securities, supervisory methods and general company management climate. According to Herzberg, employee motivation is achieved with challenging enjoyable work where achievement, growth, responsibility and advancement are encouraged and recognized. In Ratchetts Ltd. Factors that are responsible for lack of motivation are poor working conditions, low salaries and poor supervisory relations. (All the above 8 points)  [4] ANSWER 3 Ratchettes ltd. Is a car dealership company facing many problems like authority, responsibility, unity of command and direction, lack of motivation and other problems as explained above. Thus, we will solve these problems using theories and recommendations, which will benefit the company- One of the main problems that the company is facing is that of unity of command which can be seen as the regional manager of either parts or services reports to Alan ratchette and indirectly to lifestyle manager, where Alan ratchette is also accountable to lifestyle who have other targets to meet. Hence, information is not transferred properly leading to failure in completing objectives. This shows that there is a need for a regular communication channel in the company where information is passed through a channel of people and decisions can be taken easily. For e.g. here the regional manager can pass information directly to the ratchettes manager as well as the lifestyle manager who can pas s this information to their respective bosses and take decisions accordingly. One more problem faced in this company is the lack of motivation, we will explain this by using Vrooms expectancy theory which states- The Expectancy Theory of Victor Vroom deals with motivation and management. Vrooms theory assumes that behavior results from conscious choices among alternatives whose purpose it is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. Together with Edward Lawler and Lyman Porter, Vroom suggested that the relationship between peoples behavior at work and their goals was not as simple as was first imagined by other scientists. Vroom realized that an employees performance is based on individuals factors such as personality, skills, knowledge, experience and abilities. The expectancy theory says that individuals have different sets of goals and can be motivated if they believe that: There is a positive correlation between efforts and performance, Favorable performance will re sult in a desirable reward, The reward will satisfy an important need, The desire to satisfy the need is strong enough to make the effort worthwhile. Here in this company salaries are low and mainly it is a commission based business where commissions are very low on every sale and not guaranteed to that employee hence to tackle this problem salaries should be increased and commission should be entitled to that employee who does the convincing and not to that who sells the car at the end, this will motivate the employees to work harder and benefit the company. Another example can be seen that of Subhiksha supermarket that got shut because they dint pay their employees and concentrated more on expanding and opening more shops. They kept their salaries for more than 3 months and thus people started quitting their jobs and the company got a bad name in the market, which eventually lead to closure of the company. The next action to be taken by the company is that they dont meet their goals and objectives, as they arent set correctly. Goal setting is a powerful way of motivating people, and of motivating yourself. The value of goal setting is so well recognized that entire management systems, like  Management by Objectives, have goal setting basics incorporated within them. Lockes research showed that there was a relationship between how difficult and specific a goal was and peoples performance of a task. He found that specific and difficult goals led to better task performance than vague or easy goals. Such a problems can be seen in the firm, which is done by technicians called beat the book where after finishing their work they go and do other jobs. This problem can be tackled by specifying certain goals daily or on weekly basis, which they have to meet necessarily in order to earn their wages. Hence, they will strive harder to finish their work on time and this problem will be resolved. Refrence- A. (2007).  Victor Vroo m .  Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Vroom. Last accessed 22nd A. (2007).  lockes goal setting theory.  Available: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newHTE_87.htm. Last accessed 22nd november 2010 LAKSHYA ROOPCHANDANI Bungalow no 3, Brighton tower, 2nd lane lokhandwala, andheri (west), Mumbai-53 Tel-9619907077 PERSONAL PROFILE I am an Enthusiastic and a professional person with proven leadership qualities in working as a team. I use qualities such as hard work and determination in achieving goals. Risk taker and has great adaptability to any working environment. Is open to suggestions and feedback from other employees in the organization. I have excellent communication skills and telephone techniques. I am reliable, I strive to always keep a positive attitude and have the ability to learn quickly. EDUCATION 2008, passed CBSE 10th,R.N. podar school Mumbai with 87%, 2010, passed CBSE 12th, R.N. podar school Mum bai with 85%, PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE Packaging manager for brownies Inc. Responsible for the quality of the packaging material and type of material used. Managed 10 people for cutting and packing of brownies. Managed packaging of 500 brownies every week. Transporting the packaged brownies to the store carefully without any wastage. INTERESTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS Cricket, played under 14 under 16 under 19 for school, Played for Maharashtra at age 17 played for CPCCI for a year, got selected for national level. Bungee jumping and Para sailing. Rishi Shah 2,shivangi bunglow,parlepoint,surat ph no:9820900532.email:[email  protected]/* */ Personal Profile I am studying B.B.A (HONS.) in Kingston University. I am a very confident person with good leadership quality. I can motivate people working around me. I am professional by nature. My goal is to become a respectable entrepreneur in future with good ethics. My job criteria would be an experience based. Education Name of examination Year Place Marks obtained 10th 2008 DLA Academy 53% 12th 2010 DLA Academy 79% Professional Experience N/A Interests and Achievements As an extra curriculum activity sports has been by part of interest. I mostly take part in cricket event, which is favorable game of all time. I am also been able to take part in some soccer event. References www.monster.com www.samplecvs.org Naki Chougle Shakti c, 606/7/8, kalyan complex,   yari road, versova , andheri (w), mumbai -61 992014233  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   email [email  protected]/* */ Personal Profile I have joined the BBA course in IIS (Kingston) so that I can help my dad in the expansion of our business, from IIS I would like to do my major in finance and marketing. I have decided to join Kingston so that I can learn the business techniques and help my dad with his business. By the end of this curriculum, I would hope to complete my studies properly and hope to enter the business prepared. Education ICSE- from maneckji cooper education trust school securing 62%   HSC- from malini Kishore sanghvi college of commerce securing 52% Interests and Achievements Swimming, cycling, basket-ball, car-racing  Archit Chaturvedi 1/B 1205, Dheeraj Enclave Tower, W. E. Highway, Borivli (East), Mumbai 400066 Tel-9769288174 PERSONAL PROFILE I am a hard working and dedicated person with varied experience in organizing events and an aptitude for team work and business. I have taken up B.B.A from the IIS Kingston university because I believe that this institution can help me attain adequate knowledge and guide me to have a bright future considering my career. I wish to complete my MBA from a reputed university, like Kingston, and set up my own real estate development company. I am determined to put in all my efforts towards achieving my goal of being one of the most important and popular real estate developer of the world, for I believe to leave back my footprints for the generations to remember me for centuries to come. EDUCATION 2008, passed ICSE Cambridge school Mumbai with 78%, 2010, passed HSC Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics Mumbai with 69.5%, PROF ESSIONAL EXPERIENCE Sales Executive for Nahar Builders, Mumbai. INTERESTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS Football, played under 10 to under 16 for school, and Under 19 for college. Played Athletics (Discus throw, ShotPut, short distance runner) for school. Received Best Event award for Industrial Visit (Rotaract Club of NM College Director for Professional Development) by zone 1B Rotaract International District 3140.

The Applications Of The Iot - 1487 Words

Whether one is a student or a teacher, he/she will not go through a school day without being exposed to a device connected to the Internet. The applications of the IoT in education are endless, and the results are extremely favorable for the student, teacher, and the university. For example, the emergence of the IoT allows schools to enhance access to information, keep track of key information and resources, and improve the safety of their campuses [5]. Professors can spend anywhere from 12-14 hours in a day teaching, working with individual students, and/or grading assignments and tests. The surge in connected IoT devices does not require professors to manually grade assignments; therefore, they are provided extra time to use as they please. Also, devices connected to the cloud allow professors to gather information on their students; this data can then be used for two things. First, the data acknowledges which students require the most individual attention, need, and care. Second, teachers can adjust their teaching strategies or lesson plans for future classes by analyzing the received data. From a student standpoint, IoT devices and applications allow the student to capture notes quickly and effectively, eliminating the time to manually write the notes; this allows the student to focus on the lecture that is being presented [5]. The transportation sector can also be loosely connected from an education standpoint. Using IoT devices, students can keep track of buses andShow MoreRelatedAPPLICATION OF THE INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) IN AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY The widespread2400 Words   |  10 PagesAPPLICATION OF THE INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) IN AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY The widespread application of The Internet of Things (IOT) can not only change the extensive management mode in agriculture, but also develop the strength in epidemic control for animals and plants to ensure the safety of the agricultural products quality. 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The devices or objects which are there must have sense to interact and converse with the internal structure and external environment. In IoT, the word things meant the active participant. This must be that much dynamic that they contribute in exchangeRead MoreWhat Is Internet Of Things?1446 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Internet of Things? The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of the physical objects containing embedded systems which connects and communicate with each other internally or externally through sensors. According to David Ahrens, it is the â€Å"network of interconnected sensor-equipped electronic devices that collect data, communicate with each other, and can be monitored or controlled remotely over the Internet† (Ahrens, 2014). The main goal of its development is to connect the physical worldRead MoreThe Sap, Internet Of Things Essay1573 Words   |  7 Pagesstands for the systems, application and products in the data processing. It is one of the largest software company and design business software to incorporate all aspects of the business. At present, the company is offering a wide-ranging assortment of resolutions for the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT platform will assist business enterprises to easily improve, organize, and accomplish their actual Internet of Things IoT as well as M achine-To-Machine (M2M) software applications. By utilizing thisRead MoreComputer Computing And Smart Environment1068 Words   |  5 PagesTherefore the people want extension for the existed technology. The ‘IoT’ known as ‘Internet of Things’ is an ideal technology emerging to influence the existing communication and internet technologies in a broader way. The IoT creates the interface or medium to the users to monitor and control smart devices via internet. IoT is connecting living and non living things via internet. Everything can be considered as smart object in the world of IoT. It allows those smart objects to share information betweenRead MoreThe Use Of Routing And Protocols Of Communications840 Words   |  4 Pagescordless phones. In their latest extension DECT/ULE (Ultra Low Energy), they have specified a low-power and low-cost air interface technology that can be used for IoT applications. [34] 2.4 Network Layer Routing Protocols In this section, we discuss some standard and non-standard protocols that are used for routing in IoT applications. 2.4.1 RPL Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is distance-vector protocol that builds a Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG) that

Economic of Education Quantitative Analyse - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Economic of Education Quantitative Analyse. Answer: Introduction In largest sense, education can be termed as an act of experience that has determinative effect on the mind, character and physical activity of person. Addition to that, Education dealt as a given process by which society gets transmission of collected knowledge, skill and values from one generation to another (Maxwell 1994). Furthermore, Education plays an important role as it help in preparing individuals for entering into labour forces as well as equipping them with the required skills as it engages in future learning experiences. Therefore, Educational accomplishment generally raises ones income (Martins and Pereira 2004). After completing formal education, young people should be able to make a successful change from school to work with the acquired skills and awareness subsequently. Wage differentials have to do with the variability in wages that accrue to different jobs and altered groups of labour in the labour marketplace. The consistency of educational career controls whether wages for this occupation are going to be low or high and will consequently be a source of wage differences. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to predict the statistically significant association between years of education and amount of daily wages. We would like to figure out what amount of daily wages is estimated with the help of years of education. Background: Economists are eager to find the association between years of education and amount of daily wages. Concisely, wages are predominant features in almost all markets particularly of capitalist economies (Budra and Moro-Egido 2008). In recent times, economists have noted wage differentials and asked to clarify them. Addition to that, their empirical studies prove that education plays an important role in defining wages and consequently a basis of wage differentials. The two factors have cause-effect relation according to our pre-assumption. In this research report, we are focusing to verify the relation between these two variables with sampled 100 data. We are seeking to verify and equalize the proven results. Method: The data file contains 100 observations for each of the variables that are wage and educ. Both the variables are numeric in nature. Wage refers earnings per hour and Educ. indicates years of education. The data is analysed with the help of MS Excel. The Data analysis toolpack is installed from analysis toolpack option. We used the Data analysis tool and executed descriptive statistics as well as linear regression equation with the help of given data sets. Descriptive Statistics: Descriptive Statistics wage educ Mean 22.3081 Mean 13.76 Standard Error 1.4021437 Standard Error 0.272704 Median 19.39 Median 13 Mode 38.45 Mode 12 Standard Deviation 14.021437 Standard Deviation 2.727044 Sample Variance 196.60071 Sample Variance 7.436768 Kurtosis 2.6065006 Kurtosis 1.317333 Skewness 1.4858281 Skewness 0.440879 Range 72.06 Range 15 Minimum 4.33 Minimum 6 Maximum 76.39 Maximum 21 Sum 2230.81 Sum 1376 Count 100 Count 100 The descriptive statistics of wage shows that mean and standard deviation of wage is 22.3081 and 14.021437. The amount of wage has minimum value 4.33 and maximum value 76.39. The range of wage is 72.06. The descriptive statistics of education shows that mean and standard deviation of years of education is 13.76 and 2.727044. The years of education has minimum value 6 and minimum value 21. The range of years of education is 15. Scatter plot: This is a scatter plot of education vs. wages. Here, years of education are an independent variable and wage is a dependent variable. The years of education is plotted in the x-axis and wage is plotted in the y-axis. The trend line is fitted in the scatter plot. The scatter diagram indicates that the two variables are not well correlated (Neter et al. 1996). The data points are not also well concentrated. Simple Linear Regression: The simple linear regression determines the linear relationship between two or more variables. One variable must be dependent or response variable and predictor or independent variables are one or more than one in number. The simple linear regression model is stated as Y = 0 + 1*X (Zou, Tuncali and Silverman 2003). Here, Y = dependent/ response variable X = independent/ predictor variable 0 = intercept of the regression model 1 = slope of the regression model / coefficient of the predictor SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.413051559 R Square 0.17061159 Adjusted R Square 0.162148443 Standard Error 12.83441505 Observations 100 ANOVA df SS MS F Significance F Regression 1 3320.693589 3320.6936 20.15936 1.94674E-05 Residual 98 16142.77655 164.72221 Total 99 19463.47014 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Intercept -6.914787841 6.633894418 -1.0423422 0.299818 -20.07953508 6.249959394 educ 2.123756384 0.473005701 4.4899171 1.95E-05 1.185091988 3.06242078 The estimated intercept of the model is (0 = -6.914787841). It means that if the year of education were 0, then the daily wage would be (-6.914787841) (Montgomery, Peck and Vining 2012). The estimated slope of the model is (1 = 2.123756384). It means if the education level increase or decrease by 1 year, the amount of daily wage is increased or decreased by 2.123756384 units. The estimated linear regression model is- Wage = (-6.914787841) + 2.123756384*educ. The calculated Multiple R (Correlation Coefficient) of the model is 0.413051559. It indicates a moderately positive correlation between these two variables. The value of multiple R-square is 0.17061159. Multiple R-square is also known the coefficient of variation. Years of education can explain only 17.06% variability of amount of daily wage. The linear association is not strong and significant. The value of multiple R-square (17.06%) refers that the fitting of the linear regression model is not good. The F-statistic is 20.15936 with significant p-value 1.94674E-05 (0.0). The p-value is less than 0.05 when chosen level of significance is 5%. Hence, we reject the null hypothesis of statistically significant linear relationship between the dependent variable (wage) and independent variable (education) with 95% probability. We can conclude that there is no significant effect of years of education on the amount of daily wage. Prediction education wage 12 18.5703 14 22.8178 Difference 4.2475 For the years of education 12, the amount of daily wage is predicted as 18.5703. For the years of educational 14, the estimated daily wage is 22.8178. The difference of daily wage is 4.2475 units for the difference of two years of educations. Discussion: In this research report, the result does not match with outcomes of data analysis executed by economists. The key strength of the research is that the collected data is primarily surveyed and authentic. The limitation of the data analysis of the research is that the size of the surveyed data is small. Therefore, the outcome significantly fluctuated from the previous results. The method of data collection and sampling are similar to other studies. However, the chosen target population may have lots of homogeneity. The outcome is inconsistent in comparison to the other studies. The findings do not have clear policy implications. It is just based on primarily collected data. Recommendations: We should recommend the data collector to collect more data for presenting the true scenario of association between two variables that are years of education and daily wages. The large sample would definitely provide better outcome. References: Budra, S. and Moro-Egido, A.I., 2008. Education, educational mismatch, and wage inequality: Evidence for Spain.Economics of Education Review,27(3), pp.332-341. Martins, P.S. and Pereira, P.T., 2004. Does education reduce wage inequality? Quantile regression evidence from 16 countries.Labour economics,11(3), pp.355-371. Maxwell, N.L., 1994. The effect on black-white wage differences of differences in the quantity and quality of education.ILR Review,47(2), pp.249-264. Montgomery, D.C., Peck, E.A. and Vining, G.G., 2012.Introduction to linear regression analysis(Vol. 821). John Wiley Sons. Neter, J., Kutner, M.H., Nachtsheim, C.J. and Wasserman, W., 1996.Applied linear statistical models(Vol. 4, p. 318). Chicago: Irwin. Oja, H., 1983. Descriptive statistics for multivariate distributions.Statistics Probability Letters,1(6), pp.327-332. Zou, K.H., Tuncali, K. and Silverman, S.G., 2003. Correlation and simple linear regression.Radiology,227(3), pp.617-628.

Andy Warhol Essays - The Velvet Underground, Pop Art, Andy Warhol

Andy Warhol Essays - The Velvet Underground, Pop Art, Andy Warhol Andy Warhol ever before have I encountered more intriguing works of art than those done by Andy Warhol. I have been curious about his life ever since I saw his work in Milwaukee. I saw his famous work of the Campbell's Soup Can. By viewing this, one can tell he is not your average artist. I'm sure his life is full of interesting events that shaped him into who he was. As an artist myself, I would like to get to know the background of his life. I may then be able to appreciate his styles and understand why and how his works were created. His life is as interesting as his artistic masterpieces. Andrew Warhola (his original name) was born one of three sons of Czech immigrants, somewhere in Pennsylvania on either August 6, 1928 or on September 28, 1930 (the date on his birth certificate). His father died when Andy was at a very young age. Thus, it forced Andy into a deep depression containing lack of self confidence. Much of his young life has been kept secret. However, he did report being very shy and depressed because he never felt comfortable with his homosexuality. His childhood life may have been full of the torture that children threw at him for being the different person he was. He was able to attend college. After graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in pictorial design from Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1949, he went to New York City with Philip Pearlstein, who was a fellow student that later became a well-known realist painter. In 1960, Warhol finally began to paint in earnest and to view art seriously as a career. He began his career with commercial drawings of women's shoes. In 1961, an early manifestation was his Dick Tracy, an enlarged version of the comic strip that was placed in the window of Lord & Taylor's department store. He followed in his own footsteps to keep going in the ever-so-famous pop art track. Warhol's use of images are so close to the images themselves, thanks to the photographic silkscreen technique, which is a process of applying the same image over and over again without changing the original. In 1963, he began turning film into his next aesthetic. He was the recorder of the world around him. Warhol saw this world as populated by hustlers of various sorts, motivated largely by money and the goods it would buy. Later that next year, he started to experiment in underground film. In the late 70's he began to use sex and nudity to gain attention in his films. Whether this was moral or not; it did, however, work. The rest of his short life was spent visiting with celebrities and keeping up with the world's times. He tried to understand how the rest of the world saw things, but just never got there. Sadly, Warhol died of a heart failure on March 9, 1987, still wearing his famous blond hair wig. Andy's diaries are not actual written records of his day to day accounts, but they are audio recordings of his phone conversations to Pat Hackett every Monday through Friday (from Wednesday, November 24, 1976 to Tuesday, February 17, 1987, just weeks before his death). Warhol originally intended these daily records to be documentation of his minor business expenses. He was just audited and felt the need to be extra careful. In a word it was a diary. But whatever its broader objective, its narrow one, to satisfy tax auditors, was always on my mind (Warhol xvi). Later on, he felt the diaries were a great way to explain his everyday occurrences for more than a decade of his life. This view of his life from his eyes is probably the most balanced view ever given. He may have changed since the 60's, but it is still the truest representation of Andy, himself. He never expressed the key happenings of his life; it's as if we, the readers, already knew them. He just usually mentions the quick everyday type things such as a cab ride to uptown New York. The first major influence on Andy Warhol's life was the stepping stone of his artistic career,

Skepticism Philosophy Essay Essays

Skepticism Philosophy Essay Essays Skepticism Philosophy Essay Essay Skepticism Philosophy Essay Essay Essay Topic: The Peloponnesian War Incredulity: It comes from the Grecian word skeptikoi which means â€Å"seekers† or â€Å"inquirers. † It refers to the critical attitude wherein a adult male inquiries different things including the well-known absolute truth or cognition. Note that incredulity ( philosophical that is ) should be contrasted with philosophical bigotry wherein the latter is the direct antonym of the former. Philosophic bigotry refers to an attitude wherein a adult male believes to hold absolute truth/knowledge ( â€Å"dogma. † intending rigorous regulations ) . Short History of Skepticism Classical Skepticism. Gorgias A Sophist who believed that nil truly exists. He lived from 483-376 B. C. ( Leontini. Italy ) . He went to Athens to carry through his mission as an embassador. He was a pupil of Empedocles. In Greece. he was the wise man of Thucydides ( writer of the Peloponnesian War ) and Isocrates. His issue with respect to the doctrine of being can be understood by holding a full clasp on the logical contradiction. His whole thought of being commences from the premiss that nil exists. Or. if something exists. it must come from another beginning. The beginning of the being of â€Å"something† is said to be unknowable. Besides. Gorgias postulated that a â€Å"being† should come from another being. It is impossible for this being to come from nil. We can see Gorgias as a Sophist instead than a skeptic. It should be noted. nevertheless. that early incredulity came from the early sensed doctrine. and that is Stoicism. Philosophical Skepticism The followers are the philosophical enquiries of the sceptics: 1. Epistemology Can adult male attain absolute cognition? Where does the absolute cognition come from? How does feel perceptual experience operate in the service of accomplishing cognition? 2. Metaphysicss What is/are the composition/s of the existence? What are the separating characteristics of human nature? Does God be? 3. Ethical motives What should be the measure uping factors to measure human behavior? Is it possible for adult male to find whether an action is morally right or incorrect? 4. Metaphilosophy Is Philosophy important to human life? What are the proper purposes and ends of philosophical enquiry? Phyrro and Stoicism He is considered as the earliest philosophical sceptic in Western doctrine. He lived from 360 to 270 B. C. Some bookmans find a political beginning of Phyrro’s incredulity in this: on the theory that traumatic periods produce disenchantment and surrender. the souring and obsolescence of traditional beliefs. a retentive relativism of beliefs. virtuousnesss. and habits that will non delegate absolute high quality to any. and a demand for new methods of get bying in a feverish universe. Taught that peace of head was the highest terminal of life and that cognition of truth was required to achieve and keep it. Phyrro consequently sought truth. nevertheless for every philosophical inquiry that the Stoic doctrine replies ; it is being contradicted by several other schools of idea. What was worse was that each place had grounds and grounds to back up itself and to overthrow and rebut its oppositions. He gave up in desperation and admitted to himself that he could non make up ones mind among them and did non cognize what was true. The Stoics were accused by the Greeks as advocates of bigotry: It is the direct antonym of incredulity. A doctrinaire is certain that cognition is possible. because he is certain that he hold some. A individual is still a doctrinaire even if he is non certain. but still asserts something to be true. whether on a intuition. an intuition. and a sensed plenty of grounds. mystical urges. blazing bias. or crackbrained repeat. A. Academic Skepticism Asserts that at least some truths are wholly unknowable. Cicero postulated that: â€Å"Nothing could be known except the place that nil else could be known. † B. Empirical Skepticism An empirical sceptic is person who refuses to accept certain sorts of claims without first subjecting them to a series of scientific probe. Difference between an empirical sceptic and philosophical sceptic: a philosophical skeptic denies the really being of cognition while an empirical skeptic simply seeks for cogent evidence before accepting a claim. C. Scientific Skepticism A subdivision of empirical incredulity that addresses scientific claims. It uses scientific techniques in order to formalize the acquired cognition. D. Religious Skepticism It refers to incredulity towards religion. Religious sceptics based their claims harmonizing to immortality. Providence and disclosure. A spiritual sceptic is non needfully an atheist or an agnostic. David Hume: He was born in Edinburgh. Scotland. David was merely two old ages old when his male parent died. He was fond of analyzing Mathematics. History. Ancient and Modern Philosophy and Science. His major philosophical plants are: o A Treatise of Human Nature ( which he completed from 1739-1740 ) O Enquiries Concerning Human Understanding ( 1748 ) o Refering the Principles of Morals ( 1751 ) O Dialogues Concerning Religion ( 1779 ) He is besides considered as one of the best British empiricists along with George Berkeley and John Locke. His doctrine was partly influenced by Adam Smith ( his stopping point friend ) and Cicero ( ancient philosopher ) . David Hume’s Skeptic View on Reality and Human Belief David Hume is one of the greatest sceptics in the history of Philosophy. He besides influenced the development of the two philosophical schools of idea: empiricist philosophy and incredulity. Hume’s View on Reality Harmonizing to Hume. there are two differentiations of mental construct. to humor. feelings and thoughts. Impression – refers to the direct. vivid. and forceful merchandises of immediate experience. Ideas – these are simply lame transcripts of these original looks. It should be emphasized that these two differentiations should be treated individually with each other. Hume’s View on Human Belief Relations of Ideas/Priori – beliefs grounded on associations formed within the head. Matters of Fact/Posteriori – beliefs that claim to describe the nature of bing things. _____________________________________________________________________________ GROUP FOUR: UTILITARIAN PHILOSOPHY Basic Concepts ( Formal Definitions ) Etymologically talking. the word â€Å"utilitarianism† comes from the Latin word utilis. which means â€Å"useful. † In Ethics. utilitarianism is a philosophy that what is utile is good. and accordingly. that the ethical value of behavior is determined by the public-service corporation of the consequence. Utilitarian philosophers believe that it is normal for human existences to execute activities which lead towards felicity ( that is. to maximise felicity and to avoid hurting ) . This theory is under the normative political theory. Normative Political Theory – this theory asks a peculiar inquiry as â€Å"what is ought to be† as compared to the inquiry â€Å"what is† in political life. It is non confined on the scene or building moral theories. nevertheless. it analyzes the effects of the constructed moral theories in the political life of an person and how it is being applied/practiced in the existent political sphere. This attack of the normative political theory is spearheaded by Jeremy Bentham. He is a extremist nineteenth century societal reformist. who is seemingly a useful. Bentham argues that the nature of human existences is to obtain felicity ( complacency ) and to avoid hurting. In this respect. the morally right political determinations are based on the corporate felicity of the society. This corporate felicity may be characterized in the signifier of public-service corporation. This public-service corporation could be of any sort that would convey felicity to the society ( i. e. belongings. advantage. chance. goods. services etc. ) . Bentham did non supply theories or methods on how to achieve societal public-service corporation or maximization of felicity. Harmonizing to him. the attainment of felicity depends on how an single defines his/her felicity. In connexion to this. every member of the society which comprises the whole society should consolidate their definition of felicity in order to obtain societal public-service corporation. It should be emphasized that Bentham was focused on the involvement of community/group. The supreme aim of moral action and the foundation on which all morality should be grounded is the accomplishment of the greatest happiness/satisfaction of the greater figure. Nature of Utilitarianism Because this doctrine is greatly focused on the accomplishment ( or maximization ) of felicity. it doesn’t matter whether the consequence of the effect is good or bad. Remember the celebrated axiom of Niccolo Machiavelli: â€Å"the terminal justifies the agencies. †  · Hedonism It refers to an political orientation wherein felicity can be found between pleasance and hurting. Utilitarian philosophers besides use â€Å"hedonistic calculus† wherein they believe that a moralist could easy find the unit of pleasance and of hurting. O Bentham’s â€Å"hedonistic calculus† has similar construct with the theory of Epicurus. O The hedonic concretion is used to find the entire sum of pleasance and hurting of an person. O Moral agent –person who conducts hedonic concretion. Historical Traces of Utilitarian Philosophy It is believed that Utilitarian doctrine flourished in England. We can presuppose the fact that utilitarianism came from English doctrine. Some historiographers argued that Richard Cumberland originally perceived the thought of utilitarianism. He was an English philosopher and theologian ( bishop of Peterborough ) . Afterwards. a British â€Å"moral sense† philosopher clearly defined the useful doctrine. Francis Hutcheson did non merely explicate the philosophical position of utilitarianism which is â€Å"the greatest felicity for the greatest numbers† but he besides provided for a mechanism for ciphering the appropriate effects of the activities to achieve such felicity. This mechanism is called â€Å"moral arithmetic. † Jeremy Bentham. a outstanding figure in useful doctrine. admitted that he found the rule of public-service corporation from the Hagiographas of the following eighteenth century minds: O Joseph Priestly – a priest who was known for his find of â€Å"oxygen. † o Cesaria Beccaria – an expert in legal affairs ( Italian legal theoretician ) . o Claude-Adrien Helvetius – writer of a doctrine of â€Å"mere esthesis. † John Gay ( scriptural bookman and philosopher ) – he considered God’s will as the greatest modification factor for virtuousness. Furthermore. he argued that God’s goodness is the beginning of human felicity. Utilitarian Philosophers 1. Jeremy Bentham ( Developer of Utilitarian Philosophy ) Life: Bentham was a legal theoretician. linguist. societal philosopher and political militant. He came from a affluent household from England. Bentham was sent to Westminster School ( one of the esteemed school in England ) and Queen’s College Oxford. He was besides a practicing attorney ; nevertheless. he showed an firm involvement in doctrine. o He examined the philosophical plants of David Hume. Helvetius and Beccaria. Finally. he started to organize his ain thought of utilitarianism. o Bentham argued that the turning away of hurting and the chase of pleasance are the natural thrusts of human activity. as recognized by the â€Å"principle of public-service corporation. † 2. William Paley Life: Paley was born in July. 1743 ( Peterborough. England ) . He attained his spiritual grade ( Anglican priesthood ) at Christ’ College in Cambridge. He became a coach of Christ College three old ages after he graduated from the declared school. Harmonizing to Paley. utilitarianism is a combination ofindividualistic hedonism ( average between pleasance and hurting ) and theological dictatorship. 3. James Mill Life: Mill was born in April 6. 1773 ( Forfarshire ) . He was a boy of cobbler in Montrose. He was sent to the University of Edinburgh in 1790 and his instruction was financed by Sir John Stuart. James Mill received his M. A. grade in Edinburgh. He was a full pledged sermonizer. However. Mill bit by bit lost his religion and decided to reassign in Scotland until John Stuart invited him to populate in London. He became a author of the Literary Journal in London. It can be said that the closing of the Literary Journal had made him write assorted essays. articles and other literary plants such as his reappraisal on the history of Corn Laws and etc. He was the male parent of John Stuart Mill. another useful philosopher. Harmonizing to Mill. the turning away of hurting and the chase of pleasance are the two primary motivation forces behind human actions. He besides justified the being of the authorities in the society. He stated that the establishment of the authorities exists to guarantee these twin purposes ( maximization of pleasance and turning away of hurting ) are fulfilled for the greatest figure of people possible. Effectss of Utilitarianism in Other Disciplines Utilitarian doctrine has been so of import to the Fieldss of political relations. jurisprudence and economic sciences. Its theories are still relevant in the modern-day times particularly in rendering of import political determinations. care of societal stableness ( chase of pleasance and turning away of hurting ) and etc. A. Law For case. some viewed penalty as tantamount to â€Å"retributive theory. † This theory merely states that a condemnable ( i. e. convicted raper. liquidator or robber ) should be punished to pay for his offense. Harmonizing to the useful doctrine. penalty is served non to ease retribution/retaliation but to reform the felon and insulate the society from him. B. Politicss V Harmonizing to the useful philosophers. the best signifier of authorities is democracy. Social contract. natural rights and natural jurisprudence are the bases of authorities authorization and importance of single rights. V â€Å"Democracy† comes from the Grecian word demos which means â€Å"people. † It coincides with the philosophical purpose of useful doctrine wherein the general involvement of the people ( and maximization of their felicity ) should be the footing of the government’s political determinations. V Utilitarian doctrine is besides known for its comparative positions on socio-political issues. Harmonizing to this doctrine. a strong authorities should be needed to keep the selfish involvements of its topics. As mentioned before. one of the chief duties of the authorities is to keep the stableness of political order. Based on this rule. the useful statement is on the side of conservative/authoritarian place.  § Nazi Germany ( Adolf Hitler )  § Soviet Union ( Joseph Stalin )  § Cuba ( Fidel Castro ) On the other manus. William Godwin ( laminitis of philosophical anarchism ) had an optimistic position of human nature ( parallel to the philosophical theory of John Locke with respect to human nature ) . Harmonizing to him. the chase of greatest felicity may take into â€Å"philosophical anarchism. † Philosophical anarchism – Godwin emphasized that values must be profoundly imbibed in every person. Furthermore. he argued that sufficient supply of goods ( economic resources ) should be every bit distributed to guarantee that the economic demands of the society are decently fulfilled. He hoped that authorities governments must explicate Torahs to equalise the unjust distribution of wealth. Furthermore. Godwin stated that the authorities should minimise its engagement to advance academic freedom. C. Economics. Early useful philosophers argued that the authorities should non tamper on economic personal businesss of the society. Subsequently on. they admitted that the authorities has a important function in the economic system. Jeremy Bentham’s Mode of Thinking Theory of Psychological Hedonism Harmonizing to Bentham. human behaviour can be explained by mention to the primary motivations of pleasance and hurting. Pleasure and hurting – it is believed that nature has placed mankind under the administration of these two motivations. Utilitarian philosophers ever ask inquiries affecting â€Å"what we ought to do† and â€Å"what we shall make. † Bentham argued that the human person is the basic unit of societal domain. An individual’s relation with others is unneeded of being what he is. He defined â€Å"relation† as a fabricated world. Community. on the other manus. refers to the amount of the involvements of the persons who composed it. However. there are some cases that the involvements tend to collide with each other. Such happening diminishes the chief construct of â€Å"community† ( amount of the involvements of the persons ) . Bentham argued that the authorities and statute law should work together to harmonise the aforesaid struggle. Bentham’s Moral Theory The followers are the features of Bentham’s moral doctrine:  · Principle of public-service corporation It is synonymous to the â€Å"greatest felicity rule. † It concerns the involvements of the people who are in inquiry ; it can be the whole community. an person or a little part of the group. Bentham enumerated the advantages of the rule. to humor: O The rule should non be consulted to metaphysics philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. Thus. the chief kernel of the rule can be easy grasped. O The useful rule offers nonsubjective standard of right and incorrect – application of hedonic concretion  · Universal egoism or selflessness Assuming that the said establishments ( authorities and statute law ) successfully harmonized the involvements of every person in the community. the people may be given to work selflessly to prosecute the common good. O Altruism – it refers to the unselfish concern to the general public assistance of others. Determination of common involvement Hedonistic Ethics Utilitarian moralss can be defined as an art in which man’s action is geared towards maximal measure of felicity. Bentham’s Political Theory Harmonizing to Jeremy Bentham. one can understand jurisprudence and political relations if he/she has a good appreciation of human nature. On Liberty Bentham defined autonomy as a freedom from any external control. A individual can be considered as â€Å"free† if he/she is non under the influence of another individual. In his theory on autonomy. Bentham argued that there is no such thing as a â€Å"state of nature† and societal contract. He postulated that the latter is merely historical and fresh literature. On Law Bentham viewed jurisprudence as a restriction/limitation of autonomy. It can be considered as hurting ( a Prima facie evil ) to those whose freedom is restricted. The regulating jurisprudence within the society can non be considered as a â€Å"natural law† because it is harmonizing to the will of the Sovereign ( swayer ) . Bentham proposed that the jurisprudence should be in conformity with the natural jurisprudence. that is. it should be paralleled with the common involvement of the people. The followers are the positive maps of good Torahs ( although Bentham still regarded Torahs as limitation to autonomy ) :  § Good Torahs are indispensable to good authorities.  § Good Torahs are necessary to keep societal stableness.  § Good Torahs develop and protect the people’s personal and material resources. On Rights Bentham’s position on rights can be rooted on his doctrine about natural jurisprudence. Harmonizing to Bentham. rights are produced by Torahs. and as affirmed before. Torahs can be attributed to the will of the Sovereign. Socio-political organisation must be formed in order for these two to be. Bentham related his position on the societal contract theory with the being and usage of rights. Harmonizing to him. it is impossible that rights exist before the constitution of the authorities. Harmonizing to Jeremy Bentham. the theory of societal contract is impossible ( if non historical ) because in order for the said contract to adhere. there must be an constituted authorities to implement such contract.  § In contrary. the authorities must be before the definition of different rights. This would once more. take into the issue with respect to jurisprudence and autonomy ( where the Sovereign dictates the sum of autonomy and rights that should be given to the people ) . John Stuart Mill’s Mode of Thinking Moral Theory J. S. Mill’s two distinguishable attacks to moral theory: Intuitive Approach – cognition is attained without holding an entreaty to see. Inductive Approach – cognition is gained through observation and experience. J. S. Mill’s Utilitarian Philosophy Mill believed that actions are right if they tend to advance felicity and incorrect if they tend to present the antonym of it. For him. felicity can be associated with rational and animal pleasance. He besides stated that everything we desire can be considered as felicity. The followers are some of the illustrations of felicity: Virtue Love of money Power Fame He besides enumerated two sorts of motive: External Motivation – this arises from hope of pleasing or fright of displeasing God and other worlds. Internal Motivation – this arises from responsibility. Duty – it refers to the subjective feeling which develops through experience. Furthermore. worlds have an natural feeling of integrity which guides the development of responsibility towards greater felicity. Mill’s Proof of the Principle of Utility:  · The lone manner to turn out that general felicity is desirable is to demo that people really desire it.  § For case. if X is the lone thing desired. so X is the lone thing that ought to be desired. General felicity is the thing desired. On Justice Apparently. J. S. Mill’s construct of justness is paralleled to the useful doctrine. There are two indispensable elements on justness. to humor: Punishment – it is a combination of societal understanding and retribution Violation of someone’s rights – violation of rights. There are differences in the impression of justness when analyzing theories of penalties. just distribution of wealth and etc.  ¦ Political and Social Philosophy On Individuality – J. S. Mill prescribed two standards to find the best sort of single. to humor: Person who is separately responsible for his ain beliefs and actions. Person who will non merely be happy in his ain instance but will be concerned with and lend to the felicity of others. Social Institutions that Contribute to Individuality: Free and uncensored argument. J. S. Mill regarded autonomy as a cardinal human right. Democracy and representative authoritiess encourage freedom and address.

Discrimination in hispanic business Research Paper - 1

Discrimination in hispanic business - Research Paper Example The majority of the Hispanic business owners underline that employees in their companies are lacking of management skills. There is no essential source of financing directed on employees skills development. On the one hand, it is rather effective to promote Hispanic business in case of employees are of Hispanic origin, because very often non-Hispanics are not hired as a major part of employees. Hispanic business owners are prevented from private and public market options. A great number of respondents agree upon the fact that the government does not give them an equal opportunity for business development and promotion. There are many cases, when Hispanic business owners were oppressed and discriminated. One of the main examples is the following: "Latino business owners in Queens have complained that they feel discriminated against by Community Board 3 when they apply for licenses to sell alcohol" (Medina, 2012). There is a clear rejection in license because of business owners Hispanic origin. Palagauchi accuses government of racial prejudices. He underlines that Hispanic business owners know English and they can be good specialists, but they can find no help. The government remains silent. Other businessmen of Hispanic origin underlined that a hostile mood, an aggressive behavior, total prejudice and abuse were experienced by them in the process of documents collecting and applying for alcohol trade license. Very often people in different business fields are complaining about a cruel attitude. It is necessary to introduce new perspectives and the new waves of immigrants of Hispanic origin to America are also looking forward to finding new ways of personal realization of business goals. On the one hand, America is a big country and there are many different options for realization of goals of these people. As a matter of fact, ethnic minorities are exposed to

The Federal Court House on Habeas Corpus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Federal Court House on Habeas Corpus - Essay Example The main conflict arises in the possibility that this design will be abused by others, thus also staining the justice system. The inability to execute judgment to someone who is guilty is also clearly seen by the law as one form of injustice. Habeas corpus petition are filed by convicted prisoners as a challenge to the validity of their conviction; citing particular reason that police, prosecutor, defense counsel or even the trial court have deprived the convicts of their Federal Constitutional Rights such as "the right to refuse to answer questions when placed in police custody, the right to a speedy and fair trial, and the right to effective assistance of counsel" (Roger A. Hanson,Henry W.K. Daley, September 1995). An article in the Duke Journal sees one unintended result happening with the presence of habeas corpus. "Modern habeas law is predicated on the assumption that a state prisoner seeking habeas relief is attacking the legality of his confinement by alleging a constitutional error in the decision that led to his incarceration. Federal habeas, in other words, provides collateral review of earlier rulings by state courts. But almost 20 percent of federal habeas petitions filed by state prisoners do not challenge state court judgments. They attack instead the constitutionality of administrative actions by state prison officials or parole boards, taken long after the petitioner's conviction and sentencing" (Nancy J. King, 2009).

Role of Financial Development in Total Factor Productivity

Role of Financial Development in Total Factor Productivity THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY OF VIETNAM’S MANUFACTURING SECTOR Thesis Research Design Instructors: Team of MDE Lectures Student:Hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å" Bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £o Trà ¢n 1. Problem statement There is a large literature about the link between financial development and economic growth. Many studies indentify that productivity as one channel through which finance affects growth. The importance of financial development in raising productivity and promoting economic growth has been discussed in many reports (e.g., Goldsmith 1969; McKinnon 1973; Shaw 1973; Greenwood and Jovanovic 1990; Bencivenga and Smith 1991). The financial system pressure handicaps financial development and results in misallocation of resources, then reduce productivity and economic growth. As the financial systems develop well, overall economic productivity will be improved through the efficient reallocation of resources. At firm level, financial development of a firm allows a firm to appropriate new business opportunities, conduct investment and research activities, make a defense against financial and non-financial shocks and achieve higher productivity. More importantly, firm productivity is an essenti al indicator in transforming financial market development to economic growth at macro level. There are also many empirical studies about the impact of financial development on productivity efficiency. Levine (2005), Beck et al. (2005) point out that financial constraints, including low liquid and limited access to financial resources, make the growth prospect of firms worse. In Vietnam, manufacturing firms play an important role in the decade of economic growth. In 2013, there are 60700 businesses closed. There are many reasons such as long loss profit, management capacity, operating restrictions and lack of funds business†¦ In which, financial market development offers a crucial impetus for enhancing firm competitiveness and catalyzing industrialization. In Vietnam the scientific research using a panel data to find out the role of financial development in total factor productivity of Vietnam’s manufacturing sector is limited. This study will present the evidence of this linkage using panel data for manufacturing firms from 2003 to 2009. 2. Research objective 2.1. Research objectives To estimate the TFP growth rate of manufacturing sector To find the role of financial development in total factor productivity of Vietnam’s Manufacturing Sector. To give policy implication for improving firm productivity 2.2. Scope of the study The study will examine the role of financial development in total factor productivity of Vietnam’s Manufacturing Sector using the panel data of 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2009. 3. Literature review 1. Productivity: Concepts and measurements Productivity is commonly defined as a ratio of a volume measure of output to a volume measure of input use (Schreyer and Pilat 2001) or in other words, how much of output which is obtained from a given set of inputs (Syverson 2010). Productivity = Quantity of outputs produced/ Quantity of inputs consumed Productivity measurement efforts to point out improvements in using the capital resources, that is, to motivate and evaluate efforts to produce more inputs with fewer inputs while maintaining quality. TFP is used to measure the firm productivity. It captures the growth, which could not be explained by changes in production inputs, thus it can serve as a traditional proxy of productivity improvement. However, there is a correlation between unobservable productivity shocks and optimal choices of input. There are at least two approaches to measure the TFP, which account for the sensitive of optimal input levels to the productivity shocks. First approach is the Olley-Pakes TFP measurement which uses investment as a proxy for productivity shocks (Olley and Pakes 1996). Another approach is the Levinsohn-Petrin TFP measurement which uses intermediate inputs as a proxy for productivity shocks (Levinsohn and Petrin 2003). In this study, I will use the Levinsohn-Petrin TFP measurement to control for the unobservable productivity shocks because of three reasons. Firstly, the dataset of firm investment is not available, thus the the Olley-Pakes TFP measurement will not be feasible. Secondly, even if the investment data is available, the estimation can be suffered from the truncated report â€Å"zero† investment of firms. Finally, the Levinsohn-Petrin TFP measurement is more acceptable than the Olley-Pakes TFP measurement because of it is built from production theory. Assuming a Cobb-Douglas function, TFP is often computed by estimating the equation: yit = ÃŽ ²0 + ÃŽ ²llit + ÃŽ ²kkit + ωit + ÃŽ µit (1) Where yit is firm’s output, lit is firm’s labor, kit is firm’s capital; y, l, k are all in the nature logarithm forms. i and t denote firm and time. ωit is a state variable, which measures productivity. ÃŽ µit is an error or a random productivity shock. Both ωit and ÃŽ µit are unobservable variables. According to Olley and Pakes (1996), the OLS estimates of (1) can be biased because choice of variable inputs can be depended on the firms’ beliefs about the state variable ωi. If there is serial correlation in ωi, the variable inputs such as labor, materials, etc will be positively correlated with ωi. In order to control the bias in OLS estimates, they suggest the following partially linear model: yit = ÃŽ ²0 + ÃŽ ²llit + ÃŽ ²kkit + ht(iit, ait, kit) +ÃŽ µit (2) in which ωit =ht(iit, ait, kit), ait is age of firm i at time t, iit is investment of firm i at time t. The unobservable variable ωit can be expressed by a function of observable variables. Levinson and Petrin (2003) point out that investment data at firm level is very lumpy (there are considerable adjustment costs). If it is true, the investment proxy will not smoothly respond to productivity shock. It violates the consistency condition. They propose the following modified model: yit = ÃŽ ²0 + ÃŽ ²llit + ÃŽ ²kkit + ÃŽ ²mmit + ωit + ÃŽ µit (3) mit is the logarithm of the intermediate inputs such as raw material, power, and electricity expenditures. Its input demand mit depends on the capital variable kit and productivity ωit mit = mt (kit, ωit) The demand of intermediate inputs mit is assumed to be monotonously increasing with ωit. It can be used as a proxy for unobservable variables. Therefore, the unobservable productivity ωit is expressed by the function of two variables kit and mit. ωit = mt (kit, mit) Substituting above equation to equation (3), the production function can be estimated. The coefficients of kit and mit can be recovered by GMM method with assumption that productivity is controlled by a first-order Markov process. ωit = E[ωit/ωit-1] + ÃŽ ·it ÃŽ ·it is an innovation to productivity which can be correlated with labor but uncorrelated with capital. The logarithm TFP of firm can be obtained from the residual of actual output and predicted output. 2. Financial development and firm productivity The important role of financial development in raising productivity and promoting economic growth has been mentioned in many public researches. In traditional growth theories, the role of financial development in growth is through factor accumulations, which are regarded as the main force behind economic growth. Financial development can contribute to total factor productivity growth by increasing marginal productivity of capital (Goldsmith 1969). According to McKinnon and Shaw (1973), financial development also can improve efficiency of capital allocation so as to increase the aggregate saving rate and investment level. However, in traditional growth model, the impact of financial development on growth is limited due to diminishing return to scale of capital. Some recent researches also highlight the relationship between financial development and productivity growth. Jeanneney, Hua and Liang (2006) analyze data from 29 Chinese provinces and find out that financial development has contributed significantly to TFP growth through its positive effect on efficiency in the period from 1993 to 2001. Dabla-Norris, Kersting and Verdier (2010) use firm level dataset and find out that the positive effect of innovation on firm productivity is contributed from financial system. Firms enjoy the maximum benefits from innovation in countries with well-developed financial system. Minjia Chen (2012) examine a panel dataset of Chinese manufacturing firm from 1998 to 2007 also show that financial factors are highly essential to firms’ total factor productivity growth. At micro level, financial development affects productivity growth by various channels. A firm with better financial health tends to bring higher productivity level. Beck et al (2005) suggest that firm with high liquidity is expected to be resilient to financial and non-financial shocks. Similarly, entrance to large external finance can help a company reduce the level of credit constraints, therefore increase their ability and existence in the market (Aghion et al 2007; Levine 2005). 4. Overview of Vietnam SMEs In Decree 90/2001 ND-CP from 2001 to 2009, SME is defined as an independent business establishment which registered capital not exceeding 10 billion VND or annual average number of workers not exceeding 300. From 2009 up to now, SME is defined as: Small and medium enterprises are business establishment which have registered their business according to the law and are divided into three levels of size: very small, small and medium depend on the sizes of their total capital or their average number of workers (total capital is the priority standard). In term of size of employees, nearly 98.34% of firms are small or medium enterprises in 2012. These firms contributed to 40-60% GDP of Vietnam and over a half of total labors in 2011. SME has important role in Vietnam economy. The SME survey has been conducted by the Central Institute for Economic Management (CIEM), the Institute of Labour Science and Social Affairs (ILSSA) under the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs of Vietnam (MoLISA) and the Development Economics Research Group (DERG) of the University of Copenhagen. The research group selects ten provinces including: Hanoi, Hai Phong, Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Ha Tay, Phu Tho, Nghe An, Quang Nam, Khanh Hoa, Lam Dong and Long An. The sample covers around a third of manufacturing firms in Vietnam and seems to be the best quality to represent the characteristics of SMEs in Vietnam. 5. Methodology 5.1. Model Model: TFPit = ÃŽ ±0 + ÃŽ ±1 TFPi,t-1 + ÃŽ ±2 ln LIQUIDITYit + ÃŽ ±3 ln LEVERAGEit + ÃŽ ±4 ln SIZEit + ÃŽ ±5 ln AGEit + ÃŽ ±6 ln COMit + ÃŽ ±7 ln HUMANKit + ÃŽ ±8 ln FOWNit + uit Where i and t are index firm and time, respectively, uit is the stochastic error term. The lagged TFP variable is important due to Levinson and Petrin (2003) estimation method. The authors assume that firm productivity follows a first-order Markov process. Therefore, the lagged TFP variable must be taken in the model for controlling the serial correlation. About the variables of financial development at firm level, my econometric specification contains two proxies of a firm’s financial quality: liquidity (LIQUIDITYit) and leverage ratio (LEVERAGEit). A firm with better financial health tends to bring higher productivity level. Beck et al (2005) suggest that firm with high liquidity is expected to be resilient to financial and non-financial shocks. Similarly, entrance to large external finance can help a company reduce the level of credit constraints, therefore increase their ability and existence in the market (Aghion et al 2007; Levine 2005). Besides, we also control for several firm-specific characteristics to examine firm productivity performance. Firms’ size (SIZEit) intends to control for the impacts of economies of scale on firm productivity (Balk 2001). Firms’ size (SIZEit) and Firms’ age (AGEit) have been found to be linked to firms’ productivity (e.g. Palangkaraya, Stierwald and Yong, 2009) and are used widely in analyzing firm productivity. Oliner and Sichel (1994; 2000) indicate high-tech capital intensity (COMit) as another determinant of TFP. High-tech capital accumulation has been proven to be an essential factor for raising productivity by improving operational efficiency, profits and, finally, productivity growth (Siegel and Griliches 1992). Another determinant should be considered that is human capital intensity. Since the 1990s, developing countries in Asia, including Vietnam, have been focused on investing human capital, e.g education and training, to achieve higher economic growth. Therefore, it may be interest to estimate the extent of human capital intensity account for TFP. The last important determinant of firm productivity is mentioned widely in many researches of Arnold and Javorcik (2009), Benfratello and Sembenelli (2006), Germa et al. (2004) and Griffith (1999) is foreign ownership (FOWNit). These researches suggest that foreign owned firms are potential to have superior managers, information network and ease to connect international market. Therefore, foreign firms are supposed to get higher productivity than domestic firms. 5.2. Research hypotheses Hypothesis H1: Financial quality (liquidity ratio) will have positive relationship with firm productivity. A firm with high liquidity tends to bring higher productivity level. Hypothesis H2: Financial quality (leverage ratio) will have positive influence on firm productivity. 5.3. Data sources All data sources are available at the Survey of Small and Medium scale manufacturing enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam, from 2003 to 2009. It gives data about production and financial characteristics of firms such as gross revenue, capital, number of labors, materials, profits, liquid assets, fixed assets, liabilities, equity†¦ The measurement of TFP: requires information on a firm’s gross output and production inputs. Net output is measured by net sales of manufactured goods. There are three inputs in the empirical model: labor, capital and intermediate materials. Labor is the number of employees working for a company. Intermediate materials include components used in the manufacturing process. Capital is measured by the value of land, building as well as machinery, equipment, excluding the depreciation of assets. Financial development variables: First variable is liquidity, which is measured by the ratio of liquid assets to total assets. Second variable is leverage ratio that is measured by the ratio of liabilities to equity. Control variables: Firm size is measured by the total sales of a firm. Firm age is measured by the number of years a firm in operating. If a firm goes in an industry for less than one year, it is set up for zero. High-tech capital accumulation is measured by the number of computers used for each worker. The proportion of skilled labor to total workers of a firm serves as the proxy of human capital investment. Finally, the ratio of investment capital undertaken by foreign parties relative to the total registered capital is used as a proxy of foreign ownership. Finally, the ratio of actual investment capital of foreign parties compared to the total registered capital is served as a proxy of foreign ownership. References: Aghion, P., T. Fally, and S. Scarpetta. 2007. Credit Constraints as a Barrier to the Entry and Post-entry Growth of Firms. Economic Policy 22: 731–119. Arnold, J.M., and B.S. Javorcik. 2009. Gifted Kids or Pushy Parents? Foreign Direct Investment and Plant Productivity in Indonesia. Journal of International Economics 79: 42–53. Balk, B.M. 2001. Scale Efficiency and Productivity Change. Journal of Productivity Analysis 15: 159–183. Beck, T., A. Demirguc-Kunt, and V. Maksimovic. 2005. Financial and Legal Constraints to Firm Growth: Does Firm Size Matter? Journal of Finance 60: 137–177. Bencivenga, Valerie R. and Bruce D. Smith, (1991), Financial intermediation and endogenous Control Unobservables†, Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 70, No. 2, 317-41. Benfratello, L., and A. Sembenelli. 2006. Foreign Ownership and Productivity: Is the Direction of Causality So Obvious? International Journal of Industrial and Organization 24: 733–751. Dabla-Norris, Kersting and Verdier, (2010), Firm productivity, innovation and financial development, International Monetary Fund. Girma, S., H. Gà ¶rg, and E. Strobl. 2004. Exports, International Investment, and Plant Goldsmith, Raymond W. 1969. Financial Structure and Development. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. Greenwood, Jeremy and Bruce D. Smith, (1997), Financial markets in development, and the development of financial markets. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 21: 145-81. Review of Economic Studies 58: 195-209. Griffith, R. 1999. Using the ARD Establishment Level Data to Look at Foreign Ownership and Productivity in the United Kingdom. Economic Journal 109: F416–F442. Levine, R. 2005. Finance and Growth: Theory and Evidence. In Handbook of Economic Growth Vol. 1, pp. 865–934, edited by P. Aghion and S. Durlauf. Amsterdam: North-Holland. Levinsohn, J., and A. Petrin. 2003. Estimating Production Functions Using Inputs to control for Unobservables. Review of Economic Studies 70: 317–341. Minjia Chen, (2010), Financial Effects and Firm Productivity: Evidence from Chinese Manufacturing Data. Oliner, S., and D. Sichel. 1994. Computers and Output Growth Revisited: How Big Is the Puzzle? Brooking Papers on Economic Activity 1994: 273–334. Oliner, S., and D. Sichel. 2000. â€Å"The Resurgence of Growth in the Late 1990s: Is Information Technology the Story?† Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 14, pp. 3–22. Olley, S., and A. Pakes. 1996. The Dynamics of Productivity in the Telecommunications Equipment Industry. Econometrica 64: 1263–1289. Palangkaraya, A., Stierwald, A. and Yong, J. (2009), â€Å"Is Firm Productivity Related to Size and Age? The Case of Large Australian Firms†, Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, Vol. 9, No. 2, 167-95. Performance: Evidence from A Non-parametric Test. Economics Letters 83: 317–324. Schumpeter, Joseph A, (1911), The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press. Siegel, D., and Z. Griliches. 1992. Purchased Services, Outsourcing, Computers, and Productivity in Manufacturing. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 3678; Output Measurement in the Service Sector, edited by Z. Griliches. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Sylviane Guillaumont , Jeanneney, Ping Hua Zhicheng Liang, (2006), Financial Development, Economic Efficiency, And Productivity Growth: Evidence from China, The Developing Economies, Institute of Developing Economies, vol. 44(1), pages 27-52. Thangavelu, Shandre M., (2013), Financial Health and Firm Productivity: Firm-level Evidence from Viet Nam, ADBI Working Paper Series. Zhenhui, Sudeshna, (2013), Financial Development and Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from India’s manufacturing sector, Georgia College State University.